For example, probiotic supplementation reduced body weight gain and fat accumulation in obese mice fed a high-fat diet [190]. For example, a single dose of 900 mg bitter orange standardized to 6% (54 mg) synephrine significantly increased heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure for up to 5 hours compared to placebo in 15 healthy men and women [38]. Weight-loss products can contain dozens of ingredients, and some contain more than 90 [11]. A subsequent trial also found that decaffeinated green tea extract containing EGCG (1,315 mg/day total catechins) for 12 months had no overall effect on body weight, BMI, or waist circumference in 121 postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity [166]. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. However, according to a meta-analysis of 12 vitamin D supplementation trials (including 5 in which body composition measurements were primary outcomes), vitamin D supplements without calorie restriction did not affect body weight or fat mass compared to placebo [210]. Yohimbe should only be used under medical supervision because of its potential to produce serious adverse effects [225]. However, 25 of the 70 participants dropped out of the study, and results were reported for only the 45 participants who completed the study (i.e., the authors did not complete an intention-to-treat analysis). The authors of a systematic review and meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials in a total of 203 participants concluded that 5–30 g pyruvate for 3–6 weeks reduces body weight by a mean of 0.72 kg and body fat by a mean of 0.54 kg compared to placebo [201]. The authors of a meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials with a total of 98 participants found that caffeine alone or in combination with catechins significantly increases energy expenditure in a dose-dependent fashion compared with placebo [157]. The FDA no longer permits the use of ephedra in dietary supplements because of safety concerns that are detailed below, but information is provided here in response to continued interest in this ingredient. This product contained 2,000 mg of a proprietary blend of raspberry ketone, caffeine, bitter orange, ginger, garlic, cayenne, L-theanine, and pepper extract along with B- vitamins and chromium. At the end of the study, participants taking the combination bitter orange product had a significantly greater reduction in percent body fat and fat mass and a greater increase in basal metabolic rate than those in the placebo and control groups. Research is underway to reduce the pungency and "chili taste" associated with capsaicin while retaining its potential biological effects [81]. Capsaicin and other capsaicinoids have been proposed to have anti-obesity effects via their ability to increase energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, attenuate postprandial insulin response, increase satiety, and reduce appetite and energy intake [78-82]. A typical brewed cup of green tea has about 240–320 mg catechins [156] and 45 mg caffeine. In most cases, the recall was due to the presence of undeclared drug ingredients. Forskolin is a compound isolated from the roots of Coleus forskohlii, a plant that grows in subtropical areas, such as India and Thailand. The various isomeric forms of CLA include c9t11-CLA and t10c12-CLA, and it is available in dietary supplements as a triacylglycerol or as a free fatty acid [109]. They concluded that chitosan appears to be more effective than placebo for short-term weight loss, but most studies have been of poor quality.

Calcium calcite

In another study, 8 healthy people with overweight or obesity (BMI 25–40) received counseling to follow a 1,200–1,500 kcal/day diet and were randomized to take either an herbal supplement containing bitter orange (18 mg synephrine/day) and other ingredients, including guarana extract as a source of caffeine (396 mg caffeine/day), or placebo [33]. In this trial, 70 men and women aged 21–45 who were overweight (BMI >27) received daily supplementation with either a placebo or a weight-loss product, Prograde Metabolism™ (METABO) [206]. Researchers have hypothesized that chromium supplements increase lean muscle mass and promote fat loss, but study results have been equivocal [41,100]. However, Irvingia gabonensis has been associated with renal failure in a patient with chronic kidney disease [21]. A 2017 systematic review of 14 clinical trials, including the two described above, in 1,067 individuals with overweight or obesity showed that probiotics (mostly Lactobacillus administered at various doses for 3 weeks to 6 months) significantly decreased body weight and/or body fat in nine trials, had no effect in three trials, and increased body weight in two trials [193]. Yohimbine has hyperadrenergic physiological effects because it acts as an alpha-2 receptor antagonist [6,219]. Eight weeks of glucomannan supplementation (1.33 g before each meal for a total of 3.99 g/day) also failed to significantly reduce body weight compared to placebo in 53 adults with overweight or obesity who continued their usual dietary and physical activity habits [143]. Safety: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL; maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects) for calcium established by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (now the Academy of Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine) is 2,500 mg/day for adults aged 19–50 years and 2,000 mg for adults aged 51 and older [56]. However, dietary supplements containing Garcinia cambogia have been implicated in three cases of mania, which might have been caused by the serotonergic activity of HCA [134]. Furthermore, many weight-loss supplements contain multiple ingredients that have not been adequately tested in combination with one another. In this study, researchers followed 18,417 healthy men and 39,740 healthy women enrolled in either the Nurses’ Health Study or the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. However, fluoxetin beta 40 these effects were small and of questionable clinical significance. A 2016 meta-analysis of 33 randomized trials and longitudinal studies lasting 12 weeks to 6 years found that calcium from foods or supplements had no overall effect on body weight [74]. Like all dietary supplements, weight-loss supplements can have side effects and might interact with prescription and over-the-counter medications. In another randomized clinical trial, daily supplementation with 3.24 x 108 CFU Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 for 24 weeks combined with an energy-restricted diet for the first 12 weeks (500 kcal/day less than estimated calorie needs) did not significantly affect weight loss compared with placebo in 125 adults aged 18 to 55 years with obesity [192]. It can also raise calcium blood levels, which can cause vascular and tissue calcification. Probiotics are in foods, such as some yogurts, as well as dietary supplements. However, the results from clinical trials examining the effects of calcium on body weight have been largely negative. For comparison, an 8-ounce cup of brewed coffee contains about 85–100 mg caffeine . Garcinia cambogia is a fruit-bearing tree that grows throughout Asia, Africa, and the Polynesian islands [128]. Whether these effects translate to humans is unknown. The author of a 2010 review of yohimbe reached similar conclusions, noting that results from small human trials of yohimbine for weight loss are contradictory and the evidence base is insufficient to support a weight loss claim for this compound [218].

Calcium carbonate mineral

Pyruvate might also increase LDL levels and decrease HDL levels [201,202]. Safety: Reported adverse effects for Phaseolus vulgaris are minor and include headaches, soft stools, flatulence, and constipation [211]. Doses of capsaicinoids ranged from 0.2 mg in a single meal to 33 mg/day for 4 weeks (via chili powder, chili-containing foods, or chili capsules). Similar findings were reported from an earlier meta-analysis of 12 trials [102]. Efficacy: Several studies have evaluated the effects of chromium supplements, usually in the form of chromium picolinate, on weight loss. However, many of the products with these effects contain multiple herbal ingredients, and the role of bitter orange in these adverse effects cannot be isolated. Overall, consuming capsaicinoids significantly reduced energy intake by a mean of 74 kcal per meal; body weight was not assessed, so the impact of this calorie reduction on weight loss cannot be quantified. The authors of an older meta-analysis of 14 studies designed primarily to investigate glucomannan's effect on lipid and blood glucose levels concluded that 1.2 to 15.1 g/day glucomannan reduces body weight by a small but statistically significant amount (mean loss 0.79 kg more than placebo) over about 5 weeks [139]. The authors commented that the cause of this finding might have been stored vitamin D in body fat and skeletal muscle that was released during weight loss. A clinical trial conducted in Cameroon randomized 102 adults with overweight or obesity (body mass index [BMI] >25) to receive either 150 mg IGOB131® or placebo 30–60 minutes before lunch and dinner (300 mg total daily dose) for 10 weeks [18]. The use of tablet forms of glucomannan was reported to be associated with seven cases of esophageal obstruction in 1984–1985 in Australia [99]. It is also available in many dietary supplements, xylocain gel erfahrungen and humans synthesize it naturally when their skin is exposed to sunlight. Doses of guar gum ranged from 9 to 30 g/day for 3 weeks to 6 months; most participants followed their usual diet, and some received dietary advice. Reported adverse effects include chest pain, headache, anxiety, elevated heart rate, musculoskeletal complaints, ventricular fibrillation, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and death [34,35]. In its report on dietary supplements for weight loss, the U.S. Complicating the interpretation of many study results is the fact that most weight-loss dietary supplements contain multiple ingredients, making it difficult to isolate the effects of each ingredient and predict the effects of the combination. Other researchers and medical experts advise using dietary supplements containing green tea extract only with caution [156].

Calcium carbonate content

Participants in the METABO study described above had no serious adverse effects [206]. At the end of the trial, all groups lost weight and had a smaller waist circumference, but there were no significant differences between groups. Like guar gum, glucomannan has been proposed to increase feelings of satiety and fullness and prolong gastric emptying by absorbing water in the gastrointestinal tract [16,138,139]. Furthermore, the product contained many ingredients in addition to raspberry ketone, making it impossible to determine the effects of raspberry ketone alone. Symptoms included grandiosity (an unrealistic sense of superiority), irritability, pressured speech, and decreased need for sleep. Safety: Many probiotic strains derive from species with a long history of safe use in foods or from microorganisms that colonize healthy gastrointestinal tracts.